During the 19th century, there were major advances in the making of musical instruments. 19th-century music, often called ‘Romantic’, emphasised expression and emotion. It called for more range, volume and expressiveness in musical instruments. The operas of Richard Wagner (1813-83), in which music, words and scenery all contribute to a highly dramatic and emotional experience, required large orchestras with huge brass sections. Larger audiences for music, bigger concert halls and orchestras, also needed robust instruments with more volume.

Musical instrument makers responded, using the new materials and techniques produced by the industrial revolution to increase the range and flexibility of instruments. For example, the high quality steel adopted for piano strings and precision casting of iron for frames in pianos were made possible by new industrial techniques. Between 1780 and 1890 the piano underwent great changes to become the instrument it is today.

The Bavarian musician and inventor, Theolbald Boehm (1794-1881), perfected the modern flute and its fingering system and his key system was applied to the clarinet. Early in the 19th century, the addition of valves revolutionised brass instruments like the horn and the trumpet, allowing them to produce a much fuller range of notes.