As part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Irish regiments were expected to fight alongside the British army to defend the British Empire. During the Boer War (AD 1899-1902) in South Africa, some 28,000 Irishmen fought on the side of the British, despite anti-war campaigns supported by nationalist politicians and artists. A few Irish saw parallels with their own situation and fought with the Boers against what they saw as Imperial oppression by the British.
When World War I broke out in 1914, many Irishmen responded to Lord Kitchener’s call for volunteers. Many were drawn from the poorer parts of Ireland, and their primary reason for joining up was unemployment. However, the Ulster Volunteer Force which had originally been founded in 1913 to co-ordinate the more violent activities of the Ulster unionists, willingly became the 36th (Ulster) Division of the British Army. The regiment fought at the Battle of the Somme, where huge numbers of men were killed. This terrible loss served to strengthen the Ulster sense of alliance with Britain. Others – nationalists who supported Home Rule – also voluntarily enlisted in the belief that they were fighting for the rights of small nations, and they, too, suffered terribly for their cause.

