The Gupta dynasty, established in the early decades of the 4th century AD, maintained control of south Asia for over 100 years. From about 470, however, the Huns of Central Asia and Afghanistan began forays into the north. At first repulsed by the Guptas, they eventually launched a full-scale invasion and, under King Toramāna, were able to overrun much of India. By the early 6th century the Guptas had retreated to Bengal.

Hun control of north and central India was short lived. A number of local dynasties – once Gupta subordinates – rose up against the invaders and by 535 the Huns had withdrawn to Kashmir and the northern Punjāb.

The destruction of Gupta supremacy led to political fragmentation and constant power struggles. The Aulikaras and later Guptas ruled parts of central India, while the Vigrahas, Kadambas, Pallavas and other families controlled Orissa and parts of the south. In the northern plains, the Maukharis established an important and powerful kingdom.

Political fragmentation encouraged land-grants to Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries and Brahmins versed in sacred knowledge. These institutions and individuals provided a degree of stability and continuity, ensuring the integrity of Indian religious life, sacred literature and artistic traditions.