The new Meiji government launched a campaign of 'civilisation and enlightenment' in order to bring Japan in line with the modern nation-states of Europe and north America. Senior members of the government undertook a fact-finding tour to gain knowledge of practices abroad. In the early years of the Meiji era some factions rebelled against the reforms, especially the Satsuma clan in the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. However, very many people were seized with a passion for 'reform' in all imaginable areas of life.

The most obvious changes were physical: Western-style brick buildings and gas (later electric) lighting were introduced. In the cities department stores were opened selling many foreign goods. An expanding railway system brought people to the cities to enjoy the new entertainments. Western dress and hairstyles were also adopted by some.

In wider terms, the abolition of the class system opened up opportunities to 'men of talent'. Western experts were hired to teach Western technology and science in specialist schools and universities. A modern army and navy were created, possessing the latest weaponry. In spite of resistance from the late 1880s, the modernisation movement was irreversible. In any case, much was concentrated in the major cities – elsewhere changes did not really come until the 1890s and after.