AD 1615-1868 Edo

Having achieved a final military supremacy over its rivals in AD 1615, the Tokugawa clan set about establishing a strong framework for the administration and rule of the country. A series of laws and edicts covered matters from samurai (warrior) lifestyles and conduct to the regulation of trade and the expulsion of many Europeans. Tokugawa Ieyasu’s power-base, Edo, quickly grew into a large city and served as political centre. In order to legitimise its rule the shogunate made use of Chinese traditions and precedents, and came to rely heavily on Neo-Confucian principles.

The long period of peace provided the conditions for economic expansion, with merchants facilitating the circulation of goods nation-wide. They were among the growing number of townsmen populating the vibrant entertainment districts in cities. Though the shogunate maintained its restrictions on outside contact, trade was conducted with both the Chinese and the Dutch, and imported goods and concepts were eagerly received.

Rice formed the basis of the economy, and often served as currency. However, over-dependence on this crop left the markets vulnerable, and in the 19th century there were crop failures, famines and a growing foreign threat. Certain factions became deeply dissatisfied with the policies of the shogunate, and argued for reform and the opening of the country. In 1867 an alliance of clans eventually toppled the shogunate.