The early monasteries, churches and cemeteries of Coptic Egypt have left a legacy of distinctive art expressed in different forms and materials. Occasionally pharaonic symbols are re-interpreted to proclaim a Christian meaning such as the ankh sign for life – a loop above a T-shape representing the Cross. Occasionally figures from Classical mythology such Orpheus are incorporated into the decoration, but the main themes refer to Biblical events, archangels or saints. When there is no inscription, figures can be identified from accompanying creatures such as the camel which carried the body of Saint Menas to his tomb or the lions which lived in the cave with Saint Paul the Theban. In some cases however, the figures may be intentionally ambiguous.

In paintings the human figure can be static, perhaps with arms raised, variously dressed to indicate the simple life of a desert ascetic or to portray the sumptuous robes of a bishop. Faces of saints are especially expressive with large eyes, flowing hair and beards and a halo surrounding the head. Other paintings show dynamic scenes of spear-carrying warriors like Saint Mercurius or Saint George on horseback

The Copts had great skill in carving wooden doors, intricately designed gravestones and ivory utilitarian objects like combs. One of their finest accomplishments was in weaving brightly coloured woollen textiles, preserved in the dry climate of Egypt.